Justice and Social Order in The Oresteia Essay -- Aeschylus Oresteia

Justice and Social Order in The Oresteia Democracy, emerging in the city-state of Athens, allowed unprecedented power to her citizens. Among these juvenile powers was the ability to legislate. Yet, legislation was not without its problems. First the citizens must agree upon what is just and unjust, and then enforce the law by bringing the unjust to reconcile their immorality with the public through trial, and finally dispense the appropriate penalty. This evolution was not without concern. The Greeks were attempting to establish a governmental system which would span the middle ground surrounded by anarchy and despotism. By the crimes played out in Aeschylus tragic trilogy The Oresteia, Aeschylus demonstrates the contrast between anarchy and despotism, and judges them both guilty. Indeed he shows, by the ending of the play, that the only way macrocosm can be absolved of guilt is by joining leagues with the gods in a united effort to promote justice. His laying claim is support ed by sequentially following the criminal legacy of the house of Atreus, and showing that the curse of continued injustice can only be finish by the cooperative effort of piece of music and god. Aeschylus draws his contrast between anarchy and despotism through the main characters in the play. First Atreus, the father of Agamemnon, though neer appearing himself in the trilogy is a central figure and the vehicle by which the curse is introduced. His crime is that of anarchy. Second, Agamemnon returns from Troy with the blood guilt of despotism. Next, Clytemnestra, Agamemnons queen, represents a mixture of the twain evils in that she portrays a self-serving ruler. Finally Orestes, son of Agamemnon, is introduced as a pious man who allows his fate to be determined by the gods in conjuncti... ... of the trilogy it was show the power that democracy wielded. It was able to eliminate anarchy and despotism by the middle ground. Although this had previously been the role of the Erinyes (Eu., ln.526-30), they had through the play proven themselves unsuccessful. thusly at the end of the Eumenides, Aeschylus has the Furies relinquish governance of the city to the citizens, and bestow honor on the people (Eu., ln.1016-20). Therefore Aeschylus demonstrated that democracy allowed for the union between man and gods that neither anarchy or despotism could achieve. Moreover, it was only through this union that justice could be served and the ancient laws and ways could be overturned. With this new social order, man celebrated unprecedented equality, honor and prosperity Works CitedAeschylus. Oresteia. Trans. Peter Meineck. Indianapolis Hackett, 1998.

Sabiduría y enseñanza en la ciudad en crisis (Platón, Apología 18a7-20c3) :: Spanish Essays

Sabidura y enseanza en la ciudad en crisis (Platn, Apologa 18a7-20c3)ABSTRACT Con Platn se produce el reconocimiento de la educacin como el lugar en que una comunidad mantiene su peculiar instalacin en la realidad y por ello como el terreno de la accin politica eficaz. La problemtica, presente ya desde los textos socrticos, es ubicada en el pasaje de la Apologia de Scrates en que la mencin de las acusaciones antiguas permite ver el juego de distintos elementos-la paidea, la opinin pblica, el saber-en un momento de crisis. Esta crisis, tanto de la rear end poltica tradicional como de la poltica pragmtica, se traduce en un oscurecimiento de que lo que son el hombre y la plis que da lugar a Scrates y a su tarea como consciencia de la quiebra del mundo poltoco. Se desarrolla el alcance ontolgico de ella y genus Sus- paratrooperdjicos-consecuencias polticas y educativas.Una usual caracterizacin sociolgica de la educacin la specialise como los modos de reproduccin de una sociedad. En el fondo, la educacin est exigida por el hecho de que una comunidad determinada (as sean las grandes sociedades contemporneas) resulta el lugar primario del encuentro del hombre con la realidad, y esta apertura del mundo, por ser siempre concreta, es histrica y finita, y por ello tiene que esforzarse permanentemente para mantenerse abierta, ya que en cualquier momento puede oscurecerse y quebrarse. La educacin es parte decisiva de este esfuerzo.El nombre de Platn parece ligado a una concepcin que, lejos de encontrar un fundamento en la finitud, lo encuentrasi vale la palabraen lo absoluto, dejando a lo finito en una regin ontolgicamente lmite. Y sin embargo esta comprensin de la realidadque el Platn maduro traducir en la doctrina de las Ideasest ligada al intento de rescatar a su particular comunidad de un naufragio (rescate que Platn cree todava desesperadamente posible, aunque en realidad ya era tarde). Ya los textos socrticos (la Apologa de Scrates y el Critn) marcan, en la compleja relacin de Scrates con su ciudad, el reconocimiento, a la vez, del carcter fundante de lo comunitario-poltico y de la quiebra interna de ese fundamento y es justamente esta quiebra la que permite reconocerlo como tal.Estos textos tambin marcan el comienzo de la reflexin platnica sobre la educacin, que el drama socrtico signa inicialmente de violencia. Scrates es la vctima ilustre de una realidad social fallida que se opone con toda su fuerza a quien seala esa quiebra de sus fundamentos y que aparece as como subversivo mucho antes de cualquier propuesta de replantearlos o cambiarlos.

Enterprise Architecture Essay -- essays research papers

BACKGROUNDThere is a strong need and business case for standardization of technologies and requirements used todesign, build, and implement solutions for the 24 Presidential Priority E-Gov initiatives. Withoutstandardization and the recommendation of technologies, agencies risk building and deploying solutionsthat use proprietary technologies, are not aligned to the Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) and separatethemselves from other initiatives and cross-agency business functions. To mitigate these risks, the FEAProgramManagement Office (PMO) created a Component-Based Architecture that defines a set ofrecommendations that should be considered when selecting the tools, technologies, and industrystandardsthat leave be used to build the 24 Presidential Priority E-Gov initiatives and subsequent businesssolutions. A multi-disciplinary and cross-functional working group of initiative representatives isnecessary to assist with the coordination and implementation of the Component-Base d Architecture.INTRODUCTIONUnder the direction of the FEA-PMO, the SAWG was created to champion agencies and the 24 PresidentialPriority E-Gov initiatives achieve success in areas of system architecture, technology selection, and theadoption of industry-driven standards (i.e., XML, Web Services, J2EE, .NET) that can be leveraged on agovernmentwide scale. The SAWG will also support FEA efforts, and help integrate the 24 PresidentialPriority E-Gov initiatives with e-authentication. The SAWG ...

Criticism of Bryants To a Waterfowl :: Poems of Bryant

The poems of Bryant may be classed, with regard to their subjects--those expressing a universal interest, relative to the great conditions of humanity, types of nature symbolical of these, as the Winds poems of a national and patriotic sentiment, or expressive of the heroic in character, as the Song of Marions Men. Of these, probably the most enduring will be those which draw their vitality more immediately from the American soil. In these there is a purity of nature, and a certain rustic grace, which speak at once the nature of the poet and his subject. Symbolic images of nature abound in his verses. Here Id like to share some of my observation of some of the poem to a waterfowl.Whither, midst falling dew, While glow the field with the last steps of day, Far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue Thy solitary way? Whitherto what place. We have to read the whole stanza to complete the question. The author delays the meaning so long by putting in the description of time and pl ace to create a feeling of distance to the destination. And "thee, thou, thy"--these are all poetic ways of saying "you" in the singular form. In a sense, focusing on a single distinctive "you" with no possibility of it being the plural "you." So, perhaps it is more than just poetic diction, but the emphasis of solitude.Seekst thou the plashy brinkOf weedy lake, or marge of river wide, Or where the rocking billows rise and sink On the galled ocean side? Rubbed away by friction, constant irritation. Here are three different possible destinations for the waterfowl. they have something in common.There is a post whose careTeaches thy way along that pathless coast,-- The desert and illimitable air,-- Lone wandering, but not lostIf he is speaking of God (what kind of divinity fudge?), why does he call him a Power? Birds migrate because of natural instincts--what is the connection to a Power here? He might imply that nature and God are identified Again, notice the emphasis on Lone.In the fifth stanza, cold thin atmosphere, stoop, weary," and "welcome land" contrast sharply. which adds to the picture of the snigger both concretely and symbolically. this birds flight is beginning to represent the lonely and lifelong struggle of the writer himself in hope of finding his welcome land. Thourt gone, the abyss of heaven Hath swallowed up thy form yet, on my heart

Native Americans- Minority Role Essay example -- essays research paper

ThesisSince the arrival of the Europeans in 1492 the inherent American has systematically been dehumanized, decivilized and redefined into terms that typify a subordinate or minority role, restricted spirit opportunities persist today as a result.I. Introduction-Majority/Minority group traffic- the role of caterII. Historical OverviewA. Native American life before contact with the White man.B. Early contact, efforts at peaceful co-existence.C. Conflict and its consequences for Native AmericansIII. The continuing role of powerA. Control techniques used by the mass groupB. Native American life today, SES, housing, education, etc.Power and Minority Group Position The Case of Native AmericansMajority/Minority group relations can be illustrated by studying the role of power and how it is distributed between groups. The majority, or group that wields the most power, directly affects the circumstances for the minority. In most cases power struggle leads to racial and ethnic inequality . This scenario describes the case of the Native Americans. Since the arrival of the Europeans in 1492 the Native American has systematically been dehumanized, decivilized and redefined into terms that typify a subordinate or minority role, restricted life opportunities persist today as a result (Farley, 2000).When European settlers arrived on American shores to settle a New World, nearly 7 million Native Americans had been settled in the wilderness north of present-day Mexico for some time. It is believed that the first Native Americans arrived during the last Ice Age, approximately 20,000 - 30,000 old age ago, by crossing the Bering Strait from northeastern Siberia into Alaska. Over thousands of years, spiritual kin-based communities had survived by living off the land and bartering goods. Their diversity was reflected by their societies, which ranged from small, mobile bands of hunter-gatherers in the huge Basin to temple-mound builders in the Southeast (DiBacco, 1995). The en counter of early explorers with the people of the Americas would ultimately set in motion the destruction of long existing Native American life and culture. Engrained into the minds of the Europeans were prejudiced images and stereotypes of the Native Americans, which we struggle still today to eradica... ...ypes. Even still, todays 2.1 million Native Americans have proved their resilience by surviving oppression in a world dominated by other races and cultures. Unlike other minorities who have fought for equal rights in American society, Native Americans have fought to retain their land and cultures and have avoided assimilation, at a hefty cost.Works CitedBataille, Gretchen. The Pretend Indians Images of Native Americans in the Movies. Iowa State University, Ames 1980Berkhofer, Robert F. The White Mans Indian. Alfred A. Knopf Publishers, New York, 1978. DiBacco, doubting Thomas V., Lorna C. Mason, and Christian G. Appy. History of The United States. Boston Houghton Mifflin Compan y, 1995.Keohane, Sonja. The Reservation Boarding School System in the United States, 1870-1928. http//www.twofrog.com. 3/19/2005Jordan,Winthrop D. and Leon F. Litwack. The United States. Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall, 1991.Todd, Lewis capital of Minnesota and Merta Curti. Triumph of the American Nation. Orlando Harcourt Brace Joranovich, Inc., 1986.Zinn, Howard. A Peoples History of the United States. New York Harper-Collins, 1980.Farley, John. Majority-Minority Relations. New Jersey Prentice Hall,2000.

Bible Essays - Pain and Suffering in Homers Odyssey and the Gospel of Matthew :: comparison compare contrast essays

Pain and Suffering in The Odyssey and the Gospel of Matthew   In the great works of ancient Greece and of Christianity, suffering entirely is portrayed as something to be feared. Both Homers Odyssey and the Gospel of Matthew contend that suffering is virtually unbearable when the sufferer has not outside support. If, however, the tormented toilette let support from others, these teachings continue, suffering becomes more tolerable. Both agree that we wish to find supporters when we are tormented. Unfortunately, these sources diverge on how one finds such support. Homer teaches that one female genitals find support by knowing that all of mankind suffers together, ultimately tormented by the gods. The Gospel of Matthew, however, teaches that by placing faith in immortal, the tormented can find support from God. More, it teaches that God hears the calls for help from humans and, if asked in true faith, will give support to all sufferers. To illustrate the teachings of these two works, one mulct passage from each is sufficient to give the kernel of the respective teachings on this subject   Rag of man that I am, is this the end of me? I fear the goddess told it all to wellÄ predicting great adversity at sea and far from home. Now all things bear her out he whole rondure of heaven hooded so by Zeus in woeful c shabby, and the sea raging under such winds. I am going down, thats sure. How lucky those Danaans were who perished on Troys wide seaboard, serving the Atreidai Would God I, too, had died theremet my end that time the Trojans made so many casts at me when I stood by Akhilleus after death. I should have had a soldiers burial and valuate from the Akhaniansnot this choking waiting for me at sea, unmarked and lonely. (Homer V.309-323) He trusts in God let God deliver him now, if he wants to for he said I am Gods Son. The bandits who were crucified with him also taunted him in the same way. From noon on, darkness came over the whole land unti l three in the afternoon. And about three oclock Jesus cried with a loud voice Eli, Eli, lema sabachthani? that is, My God, My God, why have you forsaken me? When some of the bystanders heard it, they said, This man is calling for Elijah. At once one of them ran and got a sponge, filled it with sour wine, put it on a stick, and gave it to him to drink.

Bible Essays - Pain and Suffering in Homers Odyssey and the Gospel of Matthew :: comparison compare contrast essays

Pain and Suffering in The Odyssey and the Gospel of Matthew   In the great works of ancient Greece and of Christianity, suffering alone is portrayed as something to be feared. Both Homers Odyssey and the Gospel of Matthew contend that suffering is virtually unbearable when the sufferer has not outside support. If, however, the tormented can find support from others, these teachings continue, suffering becomes to a greater extent tolerable. Both agree that we wish to find supporters when we are tormented. Unfortunately, these sources diverge on how one finds such support. Homer teaches that one can find support by knowing that all of mankind suffers together, ultimately tormented by the gods. The Gospel of Matthew, however, teaches that by placing faith in graven image, the tormented can find support from God. More, it teaches that God hears the calls for help from humans and, if asked in true faith, will give support to all sufferers. To illustrate the teachings of these two w orks, one short passage from each is fit to give the kernel of the respective teachings on this subject   Rag of man that I am, is this the end of me? I fear the goddess told it all to wellÄ predicting great sorrow at sea and far from home. Now all things bear her out he whole rondure of heaven hooded so by Zeus in pathetic cloud, and the sea raging under such winds. I am going down, thats sure. How lucky those Danaans were who perished on Troys wide seaboard, serving the Atreidai Would God I, too, had died theremet my end that clip the Trojans made so many casts at me when I stood by Akhilleus after death. I should bear had a soldiers burial and praise from the Akhaniansnot this choking wait for me at sea, unmarked and lonely. (Homer V.309-323) He trusts in God let God deliver him now, if he wants to for he said I am Gods Son. The bandits who were crucified with him also taunted him in the equivalent way. From noon on, darkness came over the whole land until three i n the afternoon. And about three oclock Jesus cried with a loud voice Eli, Eli, lema sabachthani? that is, My God, My God, why have you forsaken me? When some of the bystanders heard it, they said, This man is calling for Elijah. At once one of them ran and got a sponge, filled it with sour wine, put it on a stick, and gave it to him to drink.

Physical Fitness and Nutrition Worksheet Essay

In order to obtain optimal health, it is critical to be physically fit and eat a healthy and balanced diet. Becoming knowledgeable about what it means to be physically fit and learning how to survey the nutritional value of what you eat may greatly increase your ability to improve your health and wellness.In this three-part worksheet, you identify the five comp peerlessnts of health related fitness, brush up a recipe for nutritional value, and respond to two short answer questions about nutrition. Completing this assignment is a step towards gaining the knowledge needed to mend manage your physical fitness and nutrition.Part 1 Five Components of Health Related Fitness TableComplete the table below. The first row has been change in for you as an example.Components of Physical FitnessDescriptionHow to Incorporate in Your LifeBenefit(s) Cardiorespiratory FitnessBeing able to exercise at a moderate to high intensity for a coherent period of timeWalk 2 miles at a brisk pace every day .Reduced the risk of heart disease, hypertension, and high cholesterol. Muscular StrengthMaximum force able to be exerted by single contraction of a brawniness or musclegroupStart out with crunches, lunges and squats.The ability to carry out tasks easier that like yard work. Muscular EnduranceAbility to performhigh-intensity musclecontractionsrepeatedly withoutfatiguingDo push-ups to build up muscular endurance.Increased metabolism, Reduced fatigue, fewer injuries, and fewer back problems.FlexibilityAbility to move jointsfreely through their effective range of motionStart with stretching or yoga to help with flexibility.Being able to keep joints flexible and ability to reach or move.Body CompositionThe meter andrelative proportionsand distribution of fat mass and fat-free mass in the bodyBy exercising, eating right and managing my time. Living longer and feeling slap-up about ones self.Part 2 Critique a MealFor this part of the assignment, you critique the nutritional value of a meal. You will prefer this meal from the USDA website.Follow the instructions belowAccess the USDA Recipe Finder search tool at http//recipefinder.nal.usda.gov/ o(either click on or paste the above link in your internets address bar) Search for a recipe using one of the available criteriaoType in ingredientsoType in a recipe name, oroChoose options from the available categoriesSelect a recipe to critique from the generated results.Review the nutritional information provided for the recipe you selected or added and answer the questions below. to each one response should be 75 to 125 words.1.What is the name of the recipe you be evaluating?The name of the recipe that I am evaluating is Baked poulet with Vegetables.2.Which essential nutrientscarbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and mineralsare included in the recipe? The essential nutrients that are included in this recipe are saturated fats, carbohydrates, Fiber and protein. Also included are Vitamin A that adds carotene and h elps with the eyes Vitamin C which is important for growth and development Calcium needed for muscle, bones and nerves. Iron helps with distributing oxygen to the body. Vitamin E helps body tissue from damage. Vitamin K makes proteins for bones and tissue also helps with c circulateting to not bleed too much.3.Which ingredients are providing each nutrient?Potatoes have vitamin C, potassium, and carbohydrates. Carrots have vitamin A, E, and K. Onions have potassium, Vitamin C and sodium. Chicken there is vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6 and iron. If the body is missing any vitamins the body will start to deteriorate.4.Does this recipe include a good balance of essential nutrients? Explain your answer. I believe it does have a good balance but not to the full extent that it could be. Anything could be added to have the extra missing vitamins and minerals that a lot of people do not get on a regular basis.5.How could the recipe be altered to include more essential nutrients? The recipe coul d be altered to include more essential nutrients by adding mushrooms, cheese, nuts or eggs. These items would add vitamin D and E. Vitamin D helps with the absorption of calcium and magnesium. Vitamin E is similar to vitamin C in helping protect the body from damage and helps with red blood cells. So adding the items in one way or another would add to the nutrients that ones body.6.Do you consider this a healthy meal? If not, what is a healthy alternative? Yes I do consider this a healthy meal in the fact that it does have quit a few vitamins and minerals that our bodies need on a regularbasis. It is low in fat and calories and will still forgather someone up in one meal. With the chicken, carrots, onions, and potatoes there is not too much more that would be needed to supplement the body.

How Poe Observes the Characteristics Essay

How Poe Observes the Characteristics of the American gothic literary works Tradition in The drum of Amontillado Edgar Allan Poe was destined to a life of darkness and insanity. As the son of traveling performers, Poe was delinquent to the horrors of the world at a young age. Poe is generally regarded as the father of American mediaeval Literature, an example to such authors as Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville. The stories that Poe inscribed are public in modern times, creating genres such as horror films and science fiction movies. The barrel of Amontillado is whiz of Poes most memorable short stories, that epitomizes the American Gothic Literature Tradition through the dark narrative. In this short story Montresor, the protagonist, has a v curiosityetta against Fortunato, a man that has wronged him thousands of times. To carry out his revenge, Montresor proceeds to tempt Fortunato into the catacombs of his cellar, promising him amontillado, a rare wine.In the end, Fo rtunato is bound to a wall, while simultaneously being entombed by Montresor. The symbol, conniptions, and narrator employed by Poe in The Cask of Amontillado are the stereotypical elements to Southern American Gothic Literature To begin, Edgar Allan Poe utilizes his patriarchal mastery of symbolism to adhere to the characteristics of The American Gothic Literature Tradition in The Cask of Amontillado. Poe customs the symbol of Fortunatos attire to describe his personality as foolhardy and gullible. He adorns a tight fitting party-striped dress and his head was surmount by the conical cap and bells (Poe 1). He was dressed as a jester this symbolic model portrays Fortunato as a fool. Trent Lorcher touts This is Montresors way of mortifying Fortunato further for the anger he has caused Montresor. Montresor wants Fortunato to tire like the fool that he is (Lorcher 1). Additionally, the amontillado is a symbol within itself for deceit. Amontillado is a rare and delightful wine, a evidential temptation to one who is a wine connoisseur such as Fortunato.The amontillado symbolizes Montresors deceit of Fortunato at the mere mention of the amontillado by Montresor, Fortunato exclaims To your vaults (Poe 1). Lorcher justifies this Fortunatos cacoethes for good wineleaves him susceptible to flattery, flattery which Montresor provides (Lorcher 1). Another symbol is the way in which Montresor disposes of Fortunato, which depicts Montresors hatred and scorn for Fortunato. Montresor murders Fortunato in the most unusual fashion, he walls him up within a dungeon. In killing Fortunato in this humiliating method, it signifies Montresors true detestation for Fortunato and the want to dispatch of him in a humbling methodology. Poe describes this burial in such a manner I forced the last stone into position and plastered it up. for the half of a ascorbic acid no mortal has disturbed his bones (Poe 1). R.J. Russ supports this assumption by stating The way he actually kill ed Fortunato was torturous and cruel.This proves how angry he was at Fortunato Montresor did it because he wanted Fortunato to die in an embarrassing fashion that Montresor believed he deserved (Russ 1). From Fortunatos wardrobe, to the deceitful wine, to the mode that Fortunato was killed Poe uses these symbols to observe the characteristics of the American Gothic Literature. As well as using symbolism to adhere to the elements of the American Gothic Literature tradition, Poe also delves into the twisted thoughts of a vengeful narrator. Poe uses the dynamics of a tortuous program, an irrational storyteller, and honor of aforementioned Montresor to workmanship The Cask of Amontillado into an American Gothic classic. Montresor tells the story of his revenge against Fortunato nearly fifty years after the live burial. He is proud of his intricate plan to discern vengeance. Through imagery, Poe depicts a premeditated murder as planned by a ruthless Montresor.Throwing them aside, I so on uncovered a quantity of building stone and mortar (Poe 7). The prior planning required to execute this intricate plan is evident, as Montresor created the ideal situation t exact his revenge. Womack states, By the end of Poes story, Montresor has gotten his revenge against unsuspecting Fortunato, whose taste for wine has led him to his own death (Womack 5). In order to continue, Montresor supplies the weakening Fortunato with alcohol to further lower the senses of the tearaway(a) Fortunato. The lure of Amontillado is too much for the jolly Fortunato, willing to stagger to his death at the promise of a taste of the fine sherry. Montresor attacks the pride of Fortunato when mentioning that Luchresi may be a better connoisseur of wine, in fact leading Fortunato to declare that Luchresi cannot tell Amontillado fromSherry (Poe 3).This moment shows not only the pride imperative to Montresors plan for vengeance, but also the dignity that connoisseurs of wine such as Montresor and Fort unato possess. This pride is magnified in Montresor more so than Fortunato, as shown by the narrators opening line, The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could, but when he ventured upon insult I vowed revenge (Poe 1). The insult of Montresor is the death sentence for Fortunato, though the nature of the insult nor the consequence upon Montresors dignity is describe. Montresors pride is the nature of his family as the motto upon the family crest, Nemo me impune lacessit (Poe 5). Simply, Poe shows that Montresors ancestry contains the same pride by creating a motto saying No one assails me with impunity (Poe 5). Poe further challenges the reliability and character of the narrator, and in fact Poe does not intend for the reader to sympathize with Montresor because he has been wronged by Fortunato, but rather to judge him (Womack 4).The narrator evolves throughout the story as his insanity grows, and doubt is created in the reader as to the reliability of Montresor. A s the end of his deed draws near, the agonized howls of Fortunato are heard when the certainty of doom finally emerges upon the captive. The story continues, I replied to the yells of him who clamored. I re-echoed, I aided, I surpassed them in plenty and in strength. I did this, and the clamourer grew still (Poe 8). The insane narrator is a characteristic of Poes American Gothic Literature tradition, a characteristic that continues in the Cask of Amontillado with Montresor, who recounts the story nearly 50 years after the murder of Fortunato. Womack expounds upon Poes fascination with the mad chronicler, saying, Once again, the reader is invited to delve into the inner workings of a sinister mind (Womack 4). Poes Cask of Amontillado is characterized as American Gothic Literature by the story-telling of a vengeful narrator as well as the dark setting that is described. Lastly, in Edgar Allan Poes The Cask of Amontillado, dark setting is portrayed through the use of a medieval carniv al to adhere to the American Gothic Literature tradition.To begin this short story, the cheerful setting of a medieval carnival is described they walked amidst the drunken and mirth. (Poe 1). The carnival is a profound, ironic representation of Poes twisted plots in which he conveys fear to his audience. Poe strays from a prototypical melancholy setting associated withthe American Gothic Literature tradition. You would never expect a tale of sick revenge to take place at the same time as a merry making carnival (Palmer 3). Another setting representative of evil is portrayed in Poes work through the isolation of the catacombs. We passed through a range of low arches, descended, passed on, and descended, arrived at a unintelligible crypt in which the foulness of the air caused our flame beat torches to grow the flame (Poe 3). Poes use of imagery when describing the catacombs fashions a scene of isolation and despair leafy vegetable among short stories classified as American Gothic L iterature.The use of a deep underground tomb is used to portray sinister setting and the pandemonium of impending death. I busied myself among the pile of bones. a succession of loud and shrill screams busted suddenly from the throat of the chained form (Poe 6). The moment described in the quote is Fortunatos realization that he will die as the egress to his tomb is gradually sealed. Poes work in a sense puts the reader in the shoes of the victim in the tomb. As they experience fear, panic and rage in their final moments of struggle (Moore 2). Poes use of setting in The Cask of Amontialldo is archetypal to the American Gothic Literature tradition, using the setting to further create a sense of mystique and unease.To conclude, Edgar Allan Poe is purely a master of The American Gothic Literature Tradition. He utilizes the prototypical elements of symbolism, a vengeful character, and an eerie setting to adhere to the specific protocol of The AGLT (American Gothic Literature Tradition) . Poes exploitation of symbolism conveys underlying messages about the short storys plot and characters. Poes dominance over the concept of having an unstable and vengeful protagonist entices the reader to read on. Finally, Poes use of a carnival as a setting is a sick twist, a place where one expects merriment is substituted with a place where revenge is taken. It is safe to presume that Poes life of disappointment, resilience, darkness, and mystery shaped him into an individual that properly utilizes all of the elements of The American Gothic Literature Tradition.Works CitedLorcher, Trent. Symbolism and Irony in The Cask of Amontillado. 17 January 2012. September 2013 .Poe, Edgar Allan. The Cask of Amontillado. 1846. September 2013 .Russ, R.J. Symbolism in Edgar Allen Poes The Cask of Amontillado. 28 April 2008. September 2013 .Womack, Martha. Edgar Allan Poes The Cask of Amontillado The Poe Decoder. 1997, September 2013 http//www.poedecoder.com/essays/cask/.Poe, Edgar A. Short S tories The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe

Mark Twain and His Use of Humor

Samuel Clemons became known to the world as Mark twosome the man of satire and humor. by his humor, he entertained the world during his life conviction and he has continued to entertain for generations. Practic in aloney everyone found him funny, still not everyone understood his biting satire. His subtly in itself was humorous. pas de deux was known toward the end of his life as the man in white.He wore an all white suit and with his shock of white gray whisker and he would lecture or perform in front of a black or dark background. His image, when he performed, was a contrast between not bad(predicate) and evil, just like his humor was funny on one level and piercing on another. It has not needed the careful, retrospective estimate that a coarse writers death usually brings to his excogitates for the reading public to have come to the conclusion years ago that SAMUEL L. CLEMENS measures up to a vastly more composite figure in literature than the mere funny man that his firs t and amazingly popular achievements in authorship seemed to make him. (Changing Humor)Mark Twain was opened to humor from an early age. He was brought up in Hannibal, Missouri on the banks of the Mississippi River. The location of his upbringing was an important aspect of his life. Steamboats make regular cabbage daily in Hannibal. This brought a variety of visitors to the town. Many of those visitors had interesting and humorous stories to tell and Twain was always ready to listen. Most of the humor that he came in contact with were from the men who worked on the steamboats. They would gather by the local stores and the river bank to talk and enjoy a smoke. The young boys of the town found it the highlight of all of their entertainment to hang out around the men and listen to their stories of wild adventures laced with incidents that were funny.There were those who thought that Twain was funny because he was ignorant, but they were mistaken. Twains tell professions of innocence or ineptitude in literary craftsmanship are not to be believed. (Horn) He was an entertainer as well as an author. Audiences enjoyed Twains delivery of his own stories as they did reading themselves. He saw many flaws in society, and he knew that writing articles and lecturing state about these vices would only expel them away.However, when laced with humor, people were much more likely to listen, and then internalize the message. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the social injustices of child abuse, slavery, feuding, and hypocrisy in religion are told in such a way that the reader is amused as well as shocked at the atrocities. He wrote that Huck, on his decision not to manoeuvre in Jim, a runaway slave, that he would go to hell if the only way that one could enter heaven was to accept that a man could be owned by another person.Between 1876, when he began Huckleberry Finn, and 1884, when he completed it, Twain suffered a series of personal and financial disasters from whi ch he never recovered. A short list would include the loss of close friends, a drastic break with his publisher, financial troubles running to bankruptcy, ruinous involvements with various patents he had acquired a bitingly disappointing return to the Mississippi River, Hannibal, and boyhood scenes and the beginnings of chronic ill health for the four deeply loved female members of his family. (Bercovitch) Yet with all of the pressures of life he nevertheless used humor in his writing.Twain made use of the newly settled Southwest as the outset of his career. Using dialect and the kingdomal view as a tool for humor was just one way that he entertained his readers. The genre that developed originates from the politics and oral histories of a burgeoning region full of fire and out to prove itself to the world.This enthusiasm manifests itself in bawdy, violent, and predominately masculine portrayals of the world of the Southwest. Yet beneath the savagery of the stories, there is an e ffort at realism and regional descriptions that had not been attempted previously. (Price) He was able to take them to a place that seemed to move at a slower pace, and where the city slicker with all his education was no match for the common sense of the frontiersman. This is notable in the story The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, where the narrator from the city is taken and made out the fool by an older uneducated man in a country store.Southwestern humor was not the only way that Twain displayed his humor. He did not feel the need to limit himself by only writing regional literature. In A Connecticut Yankee in superpower Arthurs Court, the Yankee is an idealist who believes that when transported back in time, that technology and reforms in the church could change the morality of the world. The naivety is presented in a humorous way, but people were forced to look at morality instead of only focusing on technology.The short story Luck displayed quite humorously the intelligence service of military leaders. While the story is set in England, the purpose was to question leaders in all countries. He tells the reader that the man being reward as a brilliant military leader is really a fool. The narrator is a minister so he should be believable. He lets us in on the secret that the man has only made all of his heroic and brilliant actions were actually foolish blunders and mistakes.In Twains ulterior years his humor changed. He suffered tragedies that would shake anyone. His humor transformed into bitter satire. While in Europe, he received word that his favorite daughter, Susie had meningitis. By the time he and Olivia, his wife, returned to America, Susie had died. This devastated him, and he never really recovered from his grief.A few years later, Olivia died. He threw himself into the care of his epileptic daughter, Jean. Unfortunately, Jean had a seizure and drowned in her bathtub. Mark Twain had lost most of his family and was a broken ma n. After the suffering he went through in such a short make sense of time could only affect his humor. His anger toward God was the target of most of his satire.In his last work, The Mysterious Stranger, Twain chronicles the wanderings of Satan, the nephew of the famous Satan, on earth. This work was a product of his bitterness at the loss of the beloved women in his life. It was published six years after his death and was not completely finished. However, it should only be natural that a person would change during the course of his/her life.Mark Twain will always be known to the public as a humorist. He enlightened millions with his social ideas in a funny and entertaining way. He brought many issues to life through an amusing little boy that made people think of days gone by. He will continue to do so for many years to come. Humor has changed drastically over the years. Mark Twains writings are different from the humor today that relies on someone being hurt or frightened silly. It is refreshing to see the work of a humorist with substance.Works CitedBercovitch, Sacvan. Whats Funny about Huckleberry Finn. 18, June 2007,http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_n27_v12/ai_18486848/pg_3Changing Humor. 1920. The New York Times. 18, June 2007,http//www.twainquotes.com/19200321.html Horn, Jason. Mark Twain A Study of the Short manufacture Book Review. Summer 1998. 18, June2007, http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2455/is_3_35/ai_83585394Price, Angel. Southwestern Humor and Mark Twain. 18, June 2007,http//etext.virginia.edu/railton/projects/price/southwes.htm

Economics story

The Indian Economy Since Independence India Wins Freedom On 14 August 1947, Nehru had declargond foresighted years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and right off the term comes when we shall redeem our pledge. The achievement we celebrate today is but a step, an opening of oopportunity, to the striking triumph and achievments that await us. He reminded the country that the tasks ahead iincluded the ending of p e preciseplacety and ignorance and disease and inequality of oopportunity. These were the basic foundations on which India embarked upon its racecourse of phylogenesis since gaining independence in 1947.The purpose of this talk is to analyze how much(prenominal) has India really achieved in the last 55 years in fulfilling the aspirations on which it was founded. Indian Planning process The object lens of Indias development strategy has been to establish a socialistic pattern of society through economic reaping with self-reliance, social justice and alleviation of po verty. These objectives were to be achieved within a democratic semipolitical framework using the mechanism of a mixed providence w here(predicate) both state-supported and private empyreans co-exist. India initiated preparation for content economic development with the establishment of the Planning Commission.The aim of the First Five Year Plan (1951-56) was to raise domestic savings for festering and to help the providence resurrect itself from colonial rule. The real break with the past in planning came with the Second Five Year Plan (Nehru-Mahalanobis Plan). The industrialization strategy articulated by Professor Mahalanobis placed emphasis on the development of heavy industries and envisaged a dominant constituent for the public celestial sphere in the economy. The entrepreneurial role of the fix was evoked to develop the industrial sector. Commanding heights of the economy were entrusted to the public sector.The objectives of industrial ppolicy were a high proceeds rate, national self-reliance, reducing of foreign dominance, edifice up of indigenous capacity, encouraging small scale industry, bringing approximately balanced regional development, prevention of concentration of economic power, reduction of income inequalities and control of economy by the State. The planners 1 and ppolicy makers suggested the need for using a wide vvariety of instruments like state allocation of investment, licensing and other regulatory controls to steer Indian industrial development on a closed economy basis.The strategy underlying the first three plans assumed that once the exploitation process gets established, the institutional changes would ensure that benefits of emersion trickle d birth to the poor. precisely doubts were raised in the early seventies about the strongness of the trickle discomfit approach and its ability to banish poverty. Further, the growth itself generated by the planned approach remained too weak to create adequate surpluses- a prerequisite for the trickle down mechanism to work. Public sector did non live upto the expectations of generating surpluses to accelerate the pace of capital accumulation and help reduce inequality.Agricultural growth remained constrained by perverse institutional conditions. thither was unchecked cosmos growth in this period. Though the growth achieved in the first three Five Year Plans was not insignifi hindquarterst, yet it was not sufficient to meet the aims and objectives of development. These brought into survey the weakness of economic strategy. We discuss the reverse of the planning process in more detail in the next section. A shift in ppolicy was called for. The twenty percent Plan (1974-79) corrected its course by initiating a program emphasizing growth with redistribution.To accelerate the process of fruit and to align it with contemporary realities, a diffused version of economic liberalization was started in the mid 1980s. Three important committees were s et up in the early 1980s. Narsimhan Committee on the shift from natural controls to fiscal controls, Sengupta Committee on the public sector and the Hussain Committee on avocation ppolicy. The result of such thinking was to reorient our economic policies. As a result there was some progress in the process of deregulation during the 1980s. Two kinds of delicencing aactivity took place.First, thirty two groups of industries were delicensed without any investment limit. Second, in 1988, all industries were exempted from licensing ask out for a specified negative list of twenty six industries. Entry into the industrial sector was made easier but exit still remained closed and sealed. Hence, the grow of the liberalization program were started in the late 80s when Rajiv Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India, but the reach and force of the reform 2 program was earlier limited. There were political reasons as to wherefore this program could not be enhanced which we talk about later. The Failure of the Planning Process While the reasons for adopting a centrally directed strategy of development were understand adequate to(p) against the background of colonial rule, it, however soon became clear that the actual results of this strategy were far below expectations. or else of showing high growth, high public savings and a high degree of self-reliance, India was actually showing one and only(a) of the lowest pass judgment of growth in the developing world with a rising public deficit and a periodic balance of payment crises.Between 1950 and 1990, Indias growth rate averaged less than 4 per cent per annum and this was at a time when the developing world, including Sub-Saharan Africa and other least developed countries, showed a growth rate of 5. 2 % per annum. An important hypothesis in the choice of post-independence development strategy was the generation of public savings, which could be used for higher and higher levels of investment. However, this did not ha ppen, and the public sector-instead of being a source of savings for the communitys good- became, over time, a consumer of communitys savings.This reversal of roles had become evident by the early seventies, and the process reached its culmination by the early eighties. By then, the government began to borrow not only to meet its own revenue expenditure but also to finance public sector deficits and investments. During 1960-1975, total public sector borrowings averaged 4. 4 % of GDP. These maturationd to 6 % of GDP by 1980-81, and further to 9 % by 1989-90. Thus, the public sector, which was supposed to generate resources for the growth of the rest of the economy, gradually became a net drain on the society as a whole.I will now try to give some reasons for the declension of the public sector in India. 1) The legal system in India is such that it provides full protection to the private interests of the so called public servant, really much at the expense of the public that he o r she is supposed to serve. In addition to complete job security, any group of public servants in any public sector organization can go on strike in search of higher wages, promotions and bonuses for themselves, irrespective of the costs and 3 nconvenience to the public. Problems have become worse over time and there is little or no accountability of the public servant to perform the public duty. 2) The authority of governments, at both shopping center and states, to enforce their decisions has eroded over time. Government can pass orders, for representative, for relocation of unauthorized industrial units or other structures, but implementation can be delayed if they run counter to private interests of some (at the expense of the general public interest). ) The process and procedures for conducting business in government and public run organizations, over time, have become non-functional. There atomic number 18 multiplicity of departments involved in the simplest of decisions, and administrative rules generally concentrate on the process rather than results. There is very little decentralization of decision- do powers, particularly pecuniary powers. Thus, while local authorities have been given significant authority in some states for implementing national programmes, their financial authority is limited.Hence during early 90s it was imperative for India to correct its clearly faulty developmental process. There have been several reasons put forward for the failure of the developmental path which necessitated the reforms of Manmohan Singh in 1991. The way I would approach the analysis is through the approach of comparing and contrasting the viewpoints of two of the most prominent Indian economists of our times. The Bhagwati-Sen debate Jagdish Bhagwati and Amartya Sen, probably the two most influential voices amongst Indian economists, represent the two divergent ways of thinking about the development path.Though formally no such debates exists, apart fro m occasional jibes against Sen in the writings of Bhagwati, I view by scrutinizing their positions a lot of introspection can be done. As Bhagwati says my view as to what went wrong with Indian planning is completely at odds with that of Prof Sen. My objective in this section is bring 4 out the happy divergence amongst these two great minds and possibly to go through something from that. Let us start with the points on which they agree.I think the fact that India needs an egalitarian development path is quite well acknowledged by both of them. The Nehruvian dream of an egalitarian growth process was what both of them would defend. As Bhagwati says I have often reminded the critics of Indian strategy, who attack it from the perspective of poverty which is juxtaposed against growth, that it is incorrect to think that the Indian planners got it wrong by going for growth rather than attacking poverty they discomfit mearns with ends.In fact, the phrase minimum income and the aim of providing it to Indias poor were very much part of the lexicon and at the heart of our thinking and analysis when I worked at the Indian Planning Commission in the early 1960s. The key strategy that defined the resulting developmental effort was the decision to target efforts at accelerating the growth rate. effrontery the immensity of the poverty, the potential of simple redistribution was considered to be both negligible in its immediate feign and of little sustained observe. Accelerated growth was thus regarded as an instrumental variable a ppolicy outcome that would in turn reduce poverty.He goes on to argue Those intimately associated in Indias plans fully understood, contrary to many a(prenominal) recent assertions, the need for land reforms, for attention to the possibility of undue concentration of economic power and growth in inequality. These social tasks, which of course also can redound to economic advantage, were attended to and endlessly debated in the ensuing year s, with reports commissioned (such as the Mahalanobis Committee report on income distribution in 1962) and policies continually rewrite and devised to achieve these social outcomes.If we follow the writings of Sen on the other hand, in his recent book Development As Freedom, Sen argues that the usefulness of wealth lies in the things that it allows us to do- the substantive freedoms it helps us to achieve. an adequate conception of development must go much beyond the accumulation of wealth and the growth of earn national product and other income-related variables. Without ignoring the importance of economic growth, we must look well beyond it. I dont think that there is any divergence of view on this front with that of what Bhagwati says.It is worth mentioning at this juncture that this has been a common misconception amongst economists about the divergence of two different developmental paths. It is often misunderstood that Bhagwatis 5 view stresses just on economic growth while Sen argues against economic growth and the importance of markets. The above paragraphs reveal that this is sure not the case. Both of them is sufficiently concerned with economic growth as well as the basic issues of poverty, health and social issues. The points of divergence I believe the real disparity concerns the mearns of achieving these common goals.Bhagwatis arguments can be summarized as follows. The development process consists of two steps. As a first step, a growth accelerated strategy would generate enhanced investments and whose objective was to jolt the economy up into a higher investment mode that would generate a much higher growth rate. The planning framework rested on two legs. First, it sought to make the escalated growth credible to private iinvestors so that they would proceed to invest on an enhanced basis in a self-fulfilling prophecy.Second, it aimed at generating the added savings to finance the investments so induced. His argument crucially rested on the following perspicuous theory. For the higher growth rate to achieve it is very important for the economy concerned to be open. If the effective exchange rate for exports over the effective exchange rate for imports (signifying the relative profitability of the foreign over the home market), ensured that the world markets were profitable to aim for, guaranteeing in turn that the inducement to invest was no long-dated constrained by the growth of the domestic market.It is worthwhile to recount Indias performance as far as the public sector savings is concerned, which was considered a major hindrance towards the success of the Indian plans. Continuing with the argument, the generation of substantial export earnings enabled the growing investment to be implemented by imports of equipment embodying adept change. If the Social Marginal Product of this equipment exceeded the cost of its importation, there would be a surplus that would accrue as an income gain to the economy and boost t he growth rate.The role of literacy and education comes at the next stage. The pproduactivity of the imported equipment would be greater with a workforce that was literate and would be further enhanced if many had even secondary coil education. Now his argument is based on the fact that the enhanced growth would demand and lead to a more educated workforce. Thus 6 he considers that primary education and literacy plays an enhancing, rather than initiating role in the developmental process. Sen on the other hand considers a plumpingr view of development.He believes that questions such as whether certain political or social freedoms, such as the liberty of political participation and dissent, or opportunities to receive basic education, are or not conducive to development misses the important understanding that these substantive freedoms are among the constituent components of development. Their relevance for development does not have to be freshly established through their substan tiating contribution to the growth of GNP or to the promotion of industrialization.While the causal relation, that these freedoms and rights are also very effective in contributing to economic progress, the vindication of freedoms and rights provided by this causal linkage is over and above the directly constitutive role of these freedoms in development. I think that it is precisely at this point where some of Sens writings on economics and philosophy should be considered. According to Sen, economics as a discipline has tended to move away from focusing on the value of freedoms to that of utilities, incomes and wealth. This narrowing of focus leads to an underappreciation of the full role of the market mechanism.For example, take the example of the most important realiseing on the theory of the markets- the Arrow-Debreu equilibrium. That theorem shows that a competitive economic system can achieve a certain type of efficiency (Pareto efficiency to be precise) which a centralized sy stem cannot achieve, and this is due to reasons of incentives and information problems. But if we suppose that no such imperfections do exist and the same competitive equilibrium can be brought about by a dictator who announces the production and allocation decision, then are these two outcomes the same?In a much celebrated paper, Sen brings out the distinction between culmination outcomes (that is, the only nett outcomes without taking any note of the process of getting there) and comprehensive outcomes (taking note of the process through which the culmination outcomes come about). Along these lines we can argue that Sen would disaccord with Bhagwatis point of view in that it does not consider the comprehensive outcomes.Though the outcomes may be the same if we bring about a simultaneous increase in investments in education, health and other social activities, with that of growth, as against a 7 framework where growth brings about a derived demand for those activities (a la Bhag wati), these are not the same thing. So as we can see, the primary difference in the approach is that Bhagwati argues that poverty and social dimensions can be taken rush of in the second step of the development process while Sen argues that social oopportunity is a constitutive element in the developmental process.In this respect it is helpful to scrutinise the eastmost Asiatic case, where countries like Japan, South Korea, Taiwan (so called Asian Tigers) achieved phenomenal rates of growth in the 80s and much of the early 90s. The interesting fact about these countries is that they achieved this with a significant high record on the social dimensions. Both Bhagwati and Sen has commented directly on the achievement of these countries. As Bhagwati states The East Asian investment rate began its take-off to phenomenal levels because East Asia turned to the Export promotion (EP) strategy.The elimination of the bias against exports, and indeed a net excess of the effective exchange rate for exports over the effective exchange rate for imports (signifying the relative profitability of the foreign over the domestic market), ensured that the world markets were profitable to aim for, guaranteeing in turn that the inducement to invest was no longer constrained by the growth of the domestic market as in the IS strategy. I in person think that there is nothing disputable in this analysis but it does not strengthen his argument that the social achievements in these countries followed their phase of growth.In fact the pioneering example of enhancing economic growth through social oopportunity, especially in basic education, is Japan. Japan had a higher rate of literacy than Europe even at the time of the Meiji restoration in the mid nineteenth century, when industrialization had not yet occurred there but had gone on for many decades in Europe. The East Asian experience was also based on ssimilar connections. The contrasts between India and China are also important in this aspect. The governments of both China and India has been making efforts for sometime now to move toward a more open, internationally active, market-oriented economy.While Indian efforts have slowly met with some access, the kind of massive results that China has seen has failed to occur in India. An important federal agent in this contrast lies in the fact that from a social preparedness standpoint, China is a great deal ahead of India in being able to make use of the market economy. While prereform China was deeply s keptical of markets, it was not skeptical of basic education and 8 widely shared health supervise. When China turned to marketization in 1979, it already had a highly literate people, especially the young, with good schooling facilities across the bulk of the country.In this respect, China was not very far from the basic educational situation in South Korea or Taiwan, where too an educated population had played a major role in seizing the economic opportunities offered by a supported market system. Indeed it is often argued that it is a mistake to worry about the discord between income achievements and pick chances-in general- the statistical connection between them is observed to be quite close. It is interesting, in this context, to refer to some statistical analyses that have recently been presented by Sudhir Anand and Martin Ravallion.On the basis of intercountry comparisons, they project that life expectancy does indeed have a significantly positive correlation with GNP per head, but that this relationship works primarily through the regard of GNP on (I) the incomes specifically of the poor and (2) public expenditure particularly in health care. In fact, once these two variables are iincluded on their own in the statistical exercise, little extra explanation can be obtained from including GNP per head as an additional causal influence. The basic point is that the impact of economic growth depends much on how the fruits of economic growth are used.Sen argues that a focus on issues on basic education, basic health care and land reforms made widespread economic participation easier in many of the East Asian and Southeast Asian economies in a way it has not been possible in, say, Brazil or India, where the creation of social opportunities has been much slower and that slowness has acted as a barrier to economic development. I believe that one has to take note of the examples of say, Sri Lanka, the Indian State of Kerala or pre-reform China where on the contrary, impressive high life expectancy, low fertility, high literacy and so on, have failed to reiterate into high economic growth.I would like to see a theory which explains this. But to elucidate Sens view, he would rather prefer a situation of that of Kerala or Sri Lanka than that of Brazil or India. I would suggest that what one needs is such critical studies which would illuminate the failure of Brazil on one hand as against Sri Lanka on the other, to ill ustrate the fact that why an egalitarian growth process was not successfully implemented in these cases. We will have useful lessons to learn in that case for the future of development. The debate 9 between Bhagwati and Sen (or rather the created debate in this paper) gives rise to such an agenda.The Reforms of Manmohan Singh At the beginning of 90s the reform process was started by the then Finance Minsiter of India, Manmohan Singh. The way I will organize this section is the following First, I will give a short summary of the reform process , in the sense what were its general goals and ideas. Then I will mention some aspects of the reforms which I think are very encouraging. After that I will scrutinize the reforms more stringently in order to assess whether there is real cause for such jubilance that we tend to observe regarding India. (i)The Background Indias economic reforms began in 1991 under the Narsimha Rao Government. By that time the surge in oil prices triggered by the Gulf warfare in 1990 imposed a severe strain on a balance of payments already made fragile by several years of large fiscal deficits and increasing external debt as was discussed before. Coming at a time of internal political instability, the balanceof-payments crises quickly ballooned into a crisis of confidence which intensified in 1991 even though oil prices quickly normalized. Foreign exchange reserves dropped to $1. billion in 1991, barely sufficient for two weeks of imports and a default on external payments appeared inevitable. The shortage of foreign exchange forced tightening of import restrictions, which in turn led to a fall in industrial output. A digression The politics of reforms In a very engaging article on the politics of reforms Ashutosh Varshney has raised an extremely important question as to why was Indias minority government in 1991 successful in introducing economic reforms, whereas a much sthronger government, with a three-fourth majority in parliament, was unable to do so in 1985 (under the Prime Ministership of Rajiv Gandhi)?His argument draws a distinction between mass politics and elite politics. He believes that this distinction has not been adequately appreciated 10 in the voluminous literature on the politics of economic reforms. Scholars of economic reforms have generally assumed that reforms are, or tend to become, central to politics. Depending on what else is making demands on the energies of the electorate and politicians- ethnic and religious strife, political order and stability, corruption and crimes of the incumbents- the assumption of reforms centrality may not be right.In the largest ever survey of mass political attitudes in India conducted between April-July 1996, only 19 ppercent of the electorate reported any knowledge of economic reforms, even though reforms had been in existence since July 1991. Of the rural electorate, only about 14 per cent had heard of reforms, whereas the comparable proportion in the cities was 32 per cent. Further nearly 66 ppercent of the graduates were aware of the dramatic changes in economic ppolicy, compared to only 7 per cent of the poor, who are mostly illiterate.In contrast, close to three-fourths of the electorate both literates and illiterates, poor and rich, urban and rural- were aware of the 1992 mosque demolition in Ayodhya 80 per cent evince clear opinions about whether the country should have a uniform civil code or religiously prescribed and separate laws for mmarriage, divorce, and property inheritance and 87 per cent took a stand on caste-based affirmative action. Thus according to Varshney, elite politics is typically expressed in debates and struggles within the institutionalized settings of a bureaucracy, of a parliament or a cabinet.Mass politics takes place primarily on the streets. In democracies, especially poor democracies, mass politics can redefine elite politics, for an accumulated expression of popular sentiments and opinions inevitably exercises a great deal of pressure on elected politicians. The economic reforms during 1991 kept progressing because the political context had made Hindu-Muslim relations and caste animosities the prime determinant of political coalitions. The reforms were crowded out of mass politics by issues that aroused greater passion, and anxiety about the nation.And hence the reforms could go as far as they did. (ii) The Reforms in a Nutshell The reforms had two broad objectives. One was the reorientation of the economy from a statist, centrally directed and highly controlled economy to what is referred to in the current jargon as a marketfriendly economy. A reduction direct controls and physical planning was expected to improve the efficiency of the economy. It was to be made more 11 open to trade and external flows through a reduction in trade barriers and liberalization of foreign investment policies.A second objective of the reform measures was macro-economic stabilization. This was to b e achieved by easily reducing fiscal deficits and the governments draft on societys savings. (iii) Results Compared with the historical trend, the impact of these policies has been positive and significant. The growth rate of the economy during 1992-93 to 1999-2000 was close to 6. 5 per cent per annum. The balance of payments position has also substantially improved.Despite several external developments, including the imposition of sanctions in 1998 and sharp rise in oil prices in 2000-01, foreign exchange reserves are at a record level. Current account deficits have been moderate, and Indias external debt (as a ppercentage of GDP) and the debt servicing burden have actually come down since the early nineties. There is also evidence of considerable restructuring in the corporate sector with attention being given to cost-competitiveness and financial viability.The rate of inflation has also come down sharply. (iv) A Closer Scrutiny When we talk about GDP growth we talk about the agg regate figures. Let us closely look at the sectoral composition. If we look at the growth rates with respect to different sectors we arrive that the growth rates of agricultural and industrial production have not change magnitude at all in the nineties, compared with the eighties. The increase in overall growth in the 1990s is overwhelmingly driven by accelerated growth of the service sector.The service sector includes some very dynamic fields, such as uses of information technology and electronic servicing, in both of which India has made remarkable progress. This was generally a result of the liberalization policies initiated by Manmohan Singh. Ssimilar comments apply to the phenomenal expansion of software-related export function. Now the relevant question is, what is wrong in the fact that the services sector is driving the growth process in India?What is a bit disturbing is the fact that it is not clear as to the extent to which the rapid growth of the service sector as a w hole contributes to the generation of widely-shared employment, the elimination of poverty, and the 12 enhancement of the quality of life. And also employment in the service sector is often inaccessible to those who lack the required skills or education. The current restructuring to the Indian economy towards this skill and education-intensive sector reinforces the resources to a certain ection of the society. How has the Reforms been successful in creating a widely shared developmental process? The issue as to whether the reforms have been successful in eliminating poverty to a greater extent than say in the 80s is a contentious issue. Experience prior to the 1990s suggests that economic growth in India has typically reduced poverty. Using data from 1958 to 1991, Ravallion and Datt (1996) find that the elasticity of the incidence of poverty with respect to net domestic product per capita was 0. 5 and that with respect to private consumption per capita it was 0. 9. However, the 1990 s are more contentious. somewhat observers have argued that poverty has fallen far more rapidly in the 1990s than previously (for example, Bhalla, 2000). Others have argued that poverty reduction has stalled and that the poverty rate may even have risen (for example, Sen, 2001). The basic question of measuring Indias poverty rate has turned out to be harder to answer than it needed to be because of difficulties with coverage and comparability of the survey data.Correcting for all those, Datt and Ravallion in a recent study find that India has probably maintained its 1980s rate of poverty reduction in the 1990s, though they do not find any convincing evidence of an acceleration in the decline of poverty. It is probably apt to remark here that oftentimes the public rhetoric fails to take the incomparability problems in the surveys from which the poverty estimates are calculated and try to interpret the estimates to reinforce their particular arguments.Even the Finance Ministers budge t speech of Feb 2001 coincluded firmly that poverty has fallen from 36 ppercent in 1993-4 to 26 ppercent or less now. It is worth noting that even if one were to endorse the official 1999-2000 headcount ratio of 26 per cent, which is known to be biased downwards, one would find that poverty reduction in the 90s has proceeded at a ssimilar rates as in the earlier decades, in spite of a significant acceleration in the economic growth rate. As things stand, this is the most optimistic construe of the available evidence.All of the estimates were made with respect to head-count indexes. I think it is necessary to move away from this narrow index and to consider a broader range of social 13 indicators. Much of the debate in this area has focused on what has happened to expenditure on social sector development in the post reform period. Dev and Mooji (2002) find that central

Influences of Extrinsic Motivation Techniques Essay

IntroductionPar on the wholeon manpower Management Solutions falls under the Workforce Management umbrella. An organization still in its infancy, and fiscally supported and entrusted by HCA, a hospital organization mogul in its industry. Currently, the DHP (Dependent Healthc atomic number 18 Professional) Credentialing department has begun to shambling its presence in the argona since mid-2007 to twenty-four hour period it has gradually increased its employee base and has tremendously more than quadrupled its customer base. Having a centralized corporate office in Sunrise, FL has allowed for many soulfulnessal credit line opportunities in the south Florida bea. As the Finance Director, boilersuit responsibilities include, alone argon not limited to overseeing the financial records of the department, communicating with staff accountants and accounts due/receivable on a regular basis. Create process flows for financial purposes, create and decipher financial projections for the d epartment. Accurately running and reading financialreports and contestations and having an overall healthy attitude towards the organization.Organization OverviewWorkforce Management Solutions is an industry prolonger in healthc be staffing steering, enhancing our customers quality of care and providing unique technologies to deliver unparalleled efficiencies. Since our opening in 1993, we have been providing staffing resources for Hospital Corporation of America (HCA), one of the nations leading providers of healthcare services. Currently, we serve hundreds of hospitals, ambulatory service facilities and outpatient centers nationwide, placing thousands of healthcare professionals each(prenominal) year. We say ever soy client full-service solutions that include contingent staffing, recruiting and enhanced productivity and programming technology. Our full-service, integrated course model encompasses Per Diem translateing These comprehensive contracting services proper e really need, from background checks and orientation to scheduling technology and systems training. We have 11 per diem staffing offices nationwide, having logged more than 3.3 million hours of work at pre-negotiated, below-market rates. Travel Staffing Customers benefit from the services of 900+ travelling nurses and allied health professionals while Workforce Management Solutions takes on all the associated administrative and logistical burdens.Integrated Staffing and Scheduling Technology Our custom- concepted, proprietary online facility scheduling system enhances competency, saves notes, provides for the optimization of schedules and empowers hospital staff members. Our Facility Scheduler allows employees to self-schedule with no hardware to purchase or software to install. Additional software components include volume forecasting. Staff Scheduling Redesign and Consulting Our highly scalable, customizable technology helps managers create staffing schedules that accurately match rising and falling workloads. We train your team to plan, monitor and control staffing so call for and expectations are met efficiently and cost effectively. Permanent Placement and Recruiting We are experts at providing professional staff and management-level recruiting solutions to our clients in the areas of nursing, medical imaging, allied health and case management (Parallon workforce management, 2011).In addition, Parallon Workforce Management Solution houses a wonderful portfolio under its umbrella of businessinitiative Parallons full portfolio of unique business solutions includes group purchasing, staffing management, supply chain, project management, revenue cycle and other business processes. Parallon Business Solutions offers a comprehensive solution that no other company weed claim. As partners, we work in parallel to deliver customized solutions that ensure your success. As fellow operators, we understand your challenges and continually innovate to respond to the needs of a driving marketplace. Business Performance Group est. 2000, offers end-to-end revenue cycle services from patient registration to billing and collections, and everything in among. To meet the needs of our providers we have grow our capabilities to deliver a wide range of extra processes. We tailor our service to your needswhether providing a single solution or dedicating our full resources and scale as your outsourced partner. HealthTrust Purchasing Group, est. 1999, is the except committed model group purchasing organization.The foundation of our success is aligned decision making and compliance across our 1,400+ member partners. The end is a comprehensive portfolio that is consistently 10 percent better than any other purchasing alliance. Supply Chain Solutions has successfully transformed over one hundred seventy facilities with its shared services platform, resulting in over $1 billion in documented savings. With more than 10 years of progressive experience, the strength of Parallon is our people, processes and proven results. Because we are supply chain operators like you, we invite you to tour our facilities and see the innovation in action. Workforce Management Solutions, est. 1993, began as a provider to the largest employer of nurses in the country. We offer our servicestraining and credentialing, optimal high-caliber staffing placement, recruiting alternatives and industry-leading scheduling technologycreating unparalleled value and efficiencies (Parallon workforce management, 2011).Preliminary Problem StatementThe DHP Credentialing department at PWMS has a low-down management structure, unequipped to handle the influx of applicants filtering on a daily basis. Inability to create, and sustain acceptable customer service practices, constant increase workloads and ledger entry level employees with no vision, direction, or view of elevation/ advancement within the organization. All ofthese factors and determinants have led to overa ll employee dissatisfaction, resentments, disloyalty, and unenthusiastic with regards to the organization, department, and job. This penning allow for strain to answer the following question Can employee satisfaction, and productivity increase with the aid of ingrained and external indigence? The paper exit delve deeper into particular philosophies and studies as conducted by Abraham Maslow, who suggest these addresss to be obtainable through a hierarchy of human behavior and needs.Literature Review/SynopsisPersonal Mastery and real LeadershipfalseDhiman, Satinder.Organization Development daybook29. 2 (Summer 2011)This paper links personal controller and authenticity to effective leadership on the premise that our leadership style is an accessory of who we are. The understandings of humanistic, existential, and positive psychology are explored to suggest a path expressive style to the art and science of human flourishing. The paper utilizes a synergistic exploratory seek design to understand the relationship between personal mastery, authenticity, and leadership within the overarching concept of human flourishing. It builds on the work of Abraham Maslow, Victor Frankl, Peter Senge, Steven Covey, and Michael Ray in light up the concept of personal mastery.It also briefly reviews the recent work of positive psychologists such Martin Seligman, Ed Diener, and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi to explore the emerging field of human flourishing by creating a conscious link between personal mastery, subjective come up- cosmos, and authentic happiness. Based on the findings, humanistic existential and positive psychology thinkers striking similarities are evident when it comes to the essentials of human flourishing.Maslow and Management Universally Applicable or Idiosyncratic? falseJelavic, Matthew Ogilvie, Kristie.The Canadian Manager34. 4 (Winter 2009)For scholars and practitioners of psychology, one of the most often-cited theories of human need is Abraham Mas lows pecking point of Needs. Maslows categorization of these human needs into physiological, safety,love and belonging, esteem and self-actualization are not often referenced within the context of the management science, where a separate hard science process of a formula is apparent for the answer in how a manager motivates their workers. Rather, instances cited are tied to context that varies from each location presented, which also can change over time and culture.Yet recent disciplines, such as Organizational Behavior and Leadership, have begun to take from sociology and psychology the kinetics to understand the person, teams, and organizational effects of these theories. The integration between pauperismal theories, such as Maslow and differences between cultures, such as Hofstede (1980a, 1980b), bears discussion necessary to be relevant in todays global environment. The implications of societal culture and needs to the management education field are particularly importan t.The Influence of Maslows humanist Views on an Employees Motivation to Learn falseWilson, Ian Madsen, Susan R. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship13. 2 (Apr 2008) Continual employee training and learning is critical to the ability of organizations to adapt to an ever changing national and international business environment. What motivates employees to learn? Abraham Maslow has had a significant invasion on penury theory, humanistic psychology, and subsequently, adult learning in the workplace. This paper discusses the break downment of Maslows humanistic views and traces their impact on past trends in business training as swell up as the implications for current challenges that managers face in motivating employee learning in the workplace.Press the Escape key to closeAnalysis inwrought motivating relates to people who work more for the love of their job than for the money they meet. People who have a job that they love make a living from something that they f ind inherently satisfying. People more commonly find essential motivation in careers that involve high levels of skill and creativity, aspects that increase a persons absorption in their work. Employers provide extraneous motivation in the form of pay, benefits and other programs designed to appeal to employees. A worker move by foreign factors may be on that point solely for the money and other benefits. This doesnt mean that people in high-paying jobs lack inalienable motivation, but that extraneous motivation in terms of pay and benefits may be enough to keep them working at a job even if they dont like it. The ideal situation for most employees is to find a job that features high levels of both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Before we delve into what Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation is, it is thus vital to understand what motivation is and why is it important to motivate employees.Hence so, motivation could be defined as the driving force within individuals that enc ourages them to go ahead and perform the tasks, in order to achieve their intended needs and expectations. In other words, it is a set of tenabilitys that eventually drags an individual to perform a particular task convincing that they could fit their needs and expectations, once the task is performed. Motivating employees is not an easy task, due to the fact that what motivates employees seems to change overtime. To say, different employees are motivated in different shipway according to their needs. For example, one employee go forth be motivated to do his task by way of responsibility, while on the other hand another employee will be motivated by monetary rewards. However, it is doable to motivate an employee only if they want to be motivated. As a result, it is thus vital to identify the reason and create the atmosphere that encourages the non- do employees to refresh and motivate themselves. In other words, it is thus important to try and find out what rightfully motivate s the employee.Trying to motivate an employee by wrong means could thus lead to a waste of money, time and so on, while paving way to de-motivate the employee more. Having said that, highly motivated employees are considered to be true assets for any organization once motivated, they basically tend to be more productive, energetic, and very mush eager to take on additional responsibilities, and thus pleasant to be with and work with. However, on the other hand it should be said that there also tends to be non performing employees as well almost in every organization. Therefore, in such circumstances they basically have to look for deal with the obstacles by going and identifying the unmotivated employees and turning them round if the organizations are to be successful. In spite of that when it comes to motivating employees this could be done intrinsically or extrinsically by using either intrinsic or extrinsicrewards. When it comes to intrinsic motivation, this basically means tha t employees are motivated to do a particular task because of the pleasure or satisfaction that they get in performing the task itself.In other words, intrinsic motivation comes from within an individual quite an than from extrinsic rewards such as monetary incentives etc. An employee who tends to be intrinsically motivated could be motivated by internal factors such as recognition, responsibility, growth and advancement. If an employee is to be motivated by intrinsic rewards, then this means that what the employee really wants is a job that interests him, a challenging work environment, and the responsibility to perform the task etc. in order to motivate him. For example, an intrinsically motivated person will perform a task given to him willingly, either because he might find the task challenging or else interesting and satisfied with complementary it. To say, and not with the intention of getting other rewards. This is due to the fact the external rewards hardly motivate these em ployees. As a result, intrinsic motivation tends to be very much effective in the long run as the employees perform the tasks willingly because it interests them, rather than trying to escape from it once the job is done.Extrinsic motivation on the other hand is when the employees are thus motivated by means of external rewards. External rewards basically consist of monetary incentives and grades etc. The employees are involved in performing a particular task is because of the external rewards that gives them satisfaction and pleasure, and not because they are interested in it. In other means, extrinsic motivation drives an employee to do things especially for tangible rewards or wedge, rather than for the fun of it. Extrinsic motivators can be either positive or negative. To say, it is thus possible to use positive motivators such as monetary rewards or negative such as threats or bribery to motivate them extrinsically. Extrinsic motivators basically nidus the employees on reward s rather than actions. For example, employees will perform tasks though they are not quite interested in it, thus because of the rewards involved with it. To say, some people will not want to do the work willingly, but rather they are motivated to do so by external rewards. However in reality, extrinsic rewards do motivate employees only short term.This is because the extrinsically motivated employees will do their work only as long as they receive their rewards and thenceforth will stop performing the tasks, once the rewards areno longer there. Having looked at both the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, it could be said that intrinsic motivation is far stronger than extrinsic motivation when it comes to motivate employees in the long run. This is because the intrinsically motivated employees will continue to perform better day after(prenominal) day as long they find the work interesting and satisfied. It doesnt mean that extrinsic motivation should not be used, but this is not the ideal way to long motivate the employees. To say, extrinsically motivated employees will only find what they do to interesting as long as they receive the rewards which can either be positive or negative.And hence in order to motivate them to increase murder, then they will have to be given more rewards than before. If not, they will only be de-motivated. Not only that, but once the employees are given extrinsic rewards they will no longer be intrinsically motivated, but rather depend on rewards to keep them motivated thereafter. That is why it is vital to try and motivate employees intrinsically by trying to explain how it will help them to develop and encouraging them by offering more challenging work, giving responsibility and recognition for the work done etc. This will in turn lead to enhance performance by motivating them to meet the long term success.Through exploration of motivational characteristics, it is shown that people are either intrinsically or extrinsically mot ivated. Upon further research, two theories explain how intrinsic motivation can be increased or decreased by extrinsic, or external, motivation techniques. In guess I, external motivators (incentives, praise, rewards, or punishment) increase intrinsic motivation. In Theory II, extrinsic motivators decrease intrinsic motivation. The latter of this paper will determine what impact extrinsic motivation techniques have on intrinsic motivation. It will then identify the most effective and least effective extrinsic motivation techniques, and explain how intrinsic motivation can be affected by this. Finally, the importance of this exploration will be explained by three research studies.DefinitionsIntrinsic motivation inspires individuals to come in in an legal action because of the internal enjoyment that action mechanism brings. People who areintrinsically motivated have a need for achievement and aspire to be self-determined and competent, without any perceived external motivator (A kin-Little, Eckert, Lovett, & Little, 2004). Extrinsic motivation encourages individuals, who do not necessarily enjoy an bodily function, to perform well in order to receive some kind of reward or to avoid negative consequences (Aamodt, 2007). Autonomy, or self-determination, is experienced when an individual feels they have a choice in performing the activity and feels personally responsible for the outcome (Cameron, Pierce, Banko, & Gear, 2005 Aamodt, 2007).Theory I External Motivators Increase Intrinsic Motivation There has been a great deal of controversy concerning the impact external motivation techniques have on intrinsic motivation. External motivation techniques have been proven to significantly increase extrinsic motivation, which results in increased efficiency and performance for organizations (Aamodt, 2007). More research is needed to prove that external incentives primarily decrease intrinsic motivation. Proponents of Theory I declare that rewarding individuals for meeting positive or normative standards, or for exceeding a criterion, greatly increases intrinsic motivation (Cameron, Pierce, Banko, & Gear, 2005). Along with this theory, quality-dependent rewards (verbal praise or tangible rewards) increase intrinsic motivation because they meet an individuals needs, wants, and desires (Akin-Little, Eckert, Lovett, & Little, 2004). Although quality-dependent rewards have a positive effect on intrinsic motivation in this theory, achievement-based rewards (rewards that individuals receive for achieving or mastering a challenging criterion) also increases intrinsic motivation.Achievement-based rewards are broken down into two categories dictatorial and informational. The controlling aspect of a reward will be discussed in the next section on how external motivators decrease intrinsic motivation. Basing achievement rewards for informational purposes, such as feedback, boosts an individuals perception of competence and ability (Cameron, Pierce, Ban ko, & Gear, 2005). Feedback provides individuals with the results of their efforts thereby increasing intrinsic motivation (Aamodt, 2007). This makes a person feel good about what they have accomplished and inspires them to continue achieving the goal.Even though reward for achieving goals increasesmotivation, goal theorists distinguish between two causes for that motivation present value (engaging in an activity that has present value or enjoyment) and future value (engaging in an activity that will be valued or enjoyed in the future). In other words, being rewarded for achieving a goal increases intrinsic motivation if the individual was performing the activity for its immediate effects. Alternatively, if the individual is motivated to perform the activity with only future benefits in mind, the motivator is external and will not increase intrinsic motivation (Simons, Dewitte, & Lens, 2004).Theory II External Motivators Decreases Intrinsic Motivation On one hand, quality-dependent , achievement-based, and goal-based external rewards affirm responsibility for increasing intrinsic motivation. On the other hand, research indicates that these external motivators are detrimental to an individuals intrinsic motivation. Proponents of Theory II agree that external rewards or incentives substantially increase extrinsic motivation, but unlike Theory I advocates, they do not concur that external rewards increase an individuals intrinsic motivation. Theory II promoters contend that all extrinsic rewards including informational (verbal rewards), controlling (tangible rewards), and contingent (engagement-based or performance-based) are destructive to intrinsic motivation (Xiang, Chen, & Bruene, 2005).University of Chicagos professor of behavioral sciences, Uri Gneezy, made an interesting statement that summarized this viewpoint. He said, Extrinsic motivation might change the perception of the activity and destroy the intrinsic motivation to perform it when no apparent rewa rd apart(predicate) from the activity itself is expected (Rothman & Rothman, 2006). In compliance with Gneezys idea that external motivation techniques decrease enjoyment in an activity task-contingent incentives (rewards to encourage participation in an activity, solving a problem, or completing a task) are also found to decrease self-determination. This decline in autonomy, along with the perception that the motivator is controlling account for extensive decreases in intrinsic motivation. Use of certain incentives such as money or acknowledgement are not what some individuals need, want, or desire. When these people receive rewards, it discourages their intrinsic motivation (Akin-Little, Eckert, Lovett, & Little,2004).In addition to the negative effects that task-contingent rewards have on intrinsic motivation, the controlling aspect of achievement-based rewards (awarding those who meet performance standards) results in a similar outcome. External rewards for performing an activi ty or meeting a standard are viewed as controlling, according to intrinsically motivated people. This external motivation approach is perceived as more of a restraint on self-determination, or independence, than a reward for achieving the goal. Achievement-based rewards can also pressure an individual to perform up to an expected standard. All of these feelings contribute to a decrease in intrinsic motivation (Cameron, Pierce, Banko, & Gear, 2005).StudiesIn order to distinguish between the two theories on how external motivation techniques affect intrinsic motivation, a variety of controversial journal articles on the topic were examined. Analyzing a few of these studies will reveal why it is imperative to know and understand how external motivators can negatively or positively influence intrinsic motivation. In a require located in the 2006 American Journal of Transplantation, activists for establishing a market for organs have suggested that financial incentives would encourage m ore people to donate their organs. Challengers of this concept proposed that financial incentives would result in a decline in organ donors, and that the extrinsic incentives would devalue the moral and unselfish obligations of intrinsically motivated individuals (S.M. Rothman and D.J. Rothman, p. 2). An article written by Nancy Folbre, sited in the 2006 Politics and Society Journal, uncovered the controversial issue of low-paid care givers and social service workers. Folbre found that external incentives would increase intrinsic motivation in care givers and social service workers.She also affirmed that the levels of intrinsic motivation and moral commitment in care givers and social service workers outweigh the supply of effort that a better wage would bring in. Her thoughts about the pay scale and treatment for care givers and social service workers were summarized by they are being taken for granted, and that strong intrinsic motivation can burn-out workers. Opponents to Folbres opinion, such as Anthony Heyes in his article, Why is a Badly Paid Nurse a Good Nurse? wrote that a good nurse was willing to accept a lower wage. Heyes also challenged that raising nurses salaries would result in reduced intrinsicmotivation and decreased service quality. According to Folbres adversaries, low pay helps screen out workers who lack the requisite motivation (Folbre, 7 & 12).A pick out found in the 2004 School Psychology Review researched the effects of using extrinsic motivation techniques to maintain appropriate academic output and behavior in schools. Some researchers believed that instructors attempted to bribe students with external motivators to encourage them to perform and act a certain way in school. These theorists felt that bribing intrinsically motivated students, who do their best for their own fulfillment, decreased the students intrinsic motivation. In contrast, this study revealed that external motivation was not detrimental to students intrinsic motiv ation. In fact, the use of praise and rewards for doing well increased the students self-determination and encouraged them to continue to perform well. The only way tangible rewards have decreased intrinsic motivation, according to this article, was when they were not delivered immediately after a students behavior (Akin-Little, Eckert, Lovett, & Little, 346 & 359).Summary/ConclusionTo summarize this research, external motivation techniques have been found to both increase and decrease intrinsic motivation. To keep a healthy balance in an organization, the motivation techniques considered must be carefully selected so that extrinsically motivated individuals, as well as those who are intrinsically motivated, can be satisfied. From these articles, the most effective external motivators include quality-dependent rewards, informational achievement-based rewards, and goal-based rewards. External motivation techniques to avoid include task-contingent incentives and controlling achievemen t-based rewards.In conclusion, by examining the preceding(prenominal) referenced journal articles to find the effects extrinsic motivators have on intrinsic motivation, this research revealed that there are approximately the same number of theorists on both sides of the spectrum. There are just as many researchers who suggest external motivation techniques negatively affect intrinsic motivation as there are who imply external incentives positively affect intrinsic motivation. The debate over whether external motivation techniques either have a positive or a negative effect on intrinsic motivation continues.ReferencesAamodt, M.G. (2007). Industrial/Organizational Psychology An Applied Approach (5th ed.). Belmont, CA Thomson Wadsworth Corporation.Akin-Little, A.K. Eckert, T.L. Lovett, B.J. & Little, S.G. (2004). Extrinsic Reinforcement in the Classroom Bribery or Best Practice. School Psychology Review, 33, 345-348.Cameron, J. Pierce, W.D. Banko, K.M. & Gear, A. (2005). Achievement-B ased Rewards and Intrinsic Motivation A Test of Cognitive Mediators. Journal of educational Psychology, 97, 642-643.Dhiman, S. (2011). Personal mastery and authentic leadership. Organization Development Journal, 29(2), 69-83. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com.ezproxylocal.library.nova.edu/docview/899227431?accountid=6579 Folbre, N. (2006). Demanding Quality Worker/Consumer Coalitions and High Road Strategies in the Care Sector. Politics & Society, 34 (1), 7 & 12 Hainsworth, K. (2002, Jun 22). Rise windlessness striving for recognition and achievement? Maslows hierarchy of needs. The Guardian, pp. 4-RISE.4. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com.ezproxylocal.library.nova.edu/docview/245833355?accountid=6579 Harackiewicz, J. M., & Sansone, C. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, the search for optimal motivation and performance. San Diego Academic Press. Jelavic, M., & Ogilvie, K. (2009). Maslow and management Universally applicable or idiosyncratic? The Canadian Mana ger, 34(4), 16-17. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com.ezproxylocal.library.nova.edu/docview/846781461?accountid=6579 Maslow, A. H. (1971). The farther reaches of human nature. New York Viking Press. Maslow, A., Stephens, D., & Heil, G. (1998). Maslow on management. New York John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Parallon workforce management solutions. (2011, January 02). Retrieved from http//www.parallon.net/workforce_services.htmlRothman, S.M. & Rothman, D.J. (2006). The Hidden Cost of Organ Sale. American Journal of Transplantation, 6(7), 2Simons, J. Dewitte, S. & Lens, W. (2004). The Role of Different Types of Instrumentality in Motivation, Study Strategies, and Performance Know Why You Learn, So Youll Know What You Learn British Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 345-346.Stephens, D. (2000). The Maslow Business Reader. New York, New York John Wiley & Sons, Inc.The Influence of Maslows Humanistic Views on an Employees Motivation to Learn falseWilson, Ian Madsen, Susan R. Journal of A pplied Management and Entrepreneurship13. 2 (Apr 2008) 46-62.Press the Escape key to closeWilson, I., & Susan, R. M. (2008). The influence of Maslows humanistic views on an employees motivation to learn. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 13(2), 46-62. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com.ezproxylocal.library.nova.edu/docview/203897252?accountid=6579Xiang, P. Chen, Ang. & Bruene, A. (2005). Interactive Impact of Intrinsic Motivators and Extrinsic Rewards on Behavior and Motivation Outcomes. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 24, 180.